Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Original Articles

Clinicopathological implications of immunohistochemical expression of TBX21, CXCR3, GATA3, CCR4, and TCF1 in nodal follicular helper T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: Bogyeong Han, Sojung Lim, Jeemin Yim, Young Keun Song, Jiwon Koh, Sehui Kim, Cheol Lee, Young A Kim, Yoon Kyung Jeon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(2):59-71. Published online January 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.01.04

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
The classification of nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) has evolved according to histology, cell-of-origin, and genetic alterations. However, the comprehensive expression pattern of follicular helper T-cell (Tfh) markers, T-cell factor-1 (TCF1), and Th1- and Th2-like molecules in nodal PTCL is unclear.
Methods
Eighty-two cases of nodal PTCL were classified into 53 angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas (AITLs)/nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma (nTFHL)-AI, 18 PTCLs-Tfh/nTFHL–not otherwise specified (NOS), and 11 PTCLs-NOS according to the revised 4th/5th World Health Organization classifications. Immunohistochemistry for TCF1, TBX21, CXCR3, GATA3, and CCR4 was performed.
Results
TCF1 was highly expressed in up to 68% of patients with nTFHL but also in 44% of patients with PTCL-NOS (p > .05). CXCR3 expression was higher in AITLs than in non-AITLs (p = .035), whereas GATA3 expression was higher in non-AITL than in AITL (p = .007) and in PTCL-Tfh compared to AITL (p = .010). Of the cases, 70% of AITL, 44% of PTCLTfh/ nTFHL-NOS, and 36% of PTCL-NOS were subclassified as the TBX21 subtype; and 15% of AITL, 38% of PTCL-Tfh/nTFHL-NOS, and 36% of PTCL-NOS were subclassified as the GATA3 subtype. The others were an unclassified subtype. CCR4 expression was associated with poor progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with PTCL-Tfh (p < .001) and nTFHL (p = .023). The GATA3 subtype showed poor overall survival in PTCL-NOS compared to TBX21 (p = .046) and tended to be associated with poor PFS in patients with non-AITL (p = .054).
Conclusions
The TBX21 subtype was more prevalent than the GATA3 subtype in AITL. The GATA3 subtype was associated with poor prognosis in patients with non-AITL and PTCL-NOS.

Diagnostic distribution and pitfalls of glandular abnormalities in cervical cytology: a 25-year single-center study: Jung-A Sung, Ilias P. Nikas, Haeryoung Kim, Han Suk Ryu, Cheol Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(6):354-360. Published online November 9, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.09.05

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Background
Detection of glandular abnormalities in Papanicolaou (Pap) tests is challenging. This study aimed to review our institute’s experience interpreting such abnormalities, assess cytohistologic concordance, and identify cytomorphologic features associated with malignancy in follow-up histology.
Methods
Patients with cytologically-detected glandular lesions identified in our pathology records from 1995 to 2020 were included in this study.
Results
Of the 683,197 Pap tests performed, 985 (0.144%) exhibited glandular abnormalities, 657 of which had tissue follow-up available. One hundred eighty-eight cases were cytologically interpreted as adenocarcinoma and histologically diagnosed as malignant tumors of various origins. There were 213 cases reported as atypical glandular cells (AGC) and nine cases as adenocarcinoma in cytology, yet they were found to be benign in follow-up histology. In addition, 48 cases diagnosed with AGC and six with adenocarcinoma cytology were found to have cervical squamous lesions in follow-up histology, including four squamous cell carcinomas. Among the cytomorphological features examined, nuclear membrane irregularity, three-dimensional clusters, single-cell pattern, and presence of mitoses were associated with malignant histology in follow-up.
Conclusions
This study showed our institute’s experience detecting glandular abnormalities in cervical cytology over a 25-year period, revealing the difficulty of this task. Nonetheless, the present study indicates that several cytological findings such as membrane irregularity, three-dimensional clusters, single-cell pattern, and evidence of proliferation could help distinguishing malignancy from a benign lesion.

Citations

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Analysis of atypical glandular cells in ThinPrep Pap smear and follow-up histopathology
Tengfei Wang, Yinan Hua, Lina Liu, Bing Leng
Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings.2024; 37(3): 403. CrossRef

Cytomorphological Features of Hyperchromatic Crowded Groups in Liquid-Based Cervicovaginal Cytology: A Single Institutional Experience: Youngeun Lee, Cheol Lee, In Ae Park, Hyoung Jin An, Haeryoung Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(6):393-398. Published online September 16, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.08.14

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Abstract PDF

Background
Hyperchromatic crowed groups (HCGs) are defined as three-dimensional aggregates of crowded cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, and are frequently encountered in cervicovaginal liquid-based cytology (LBC). Here, we aimed to examine the prevalence of HCGs in cervicovaginal LBC and the cytomorphological characteristics of various epithelial cell clusters presenting as HCGs.
Methods
We first examined the prevalence of HCGs in a “routine cohort” of LBC cytology (n=331), consisting of all cervicovaginal LBCs accessioned over 3 days from outpatient clinics (n=179) and the screening population (n=152). Then we examined a second “high-grade epithelial cell abnormalities (H-ECA) cohort” (n=69) of LBCs diagnosed as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), or adenocarcinoma during 1 year.
Results
HCGs was observed in 34.4% of the routine cohort and were significantly more frequent in the epithelial cell abnormality category compared to the non-neoplastic category (p=.003). The majority of HCGs represented atrophy (70%). Of the 69 histologically confirmed H-ECA cases, all contained HCGs. The majority of cases were HSIL (62%), followed by SCC (16%). Individually scattered neoplastic cells outside the HCGs were significantly more frequent in SCCs compared to glandular neoplasia (p=.002). Despite the obscuring thick nature of the HCGs, examining the edges and the different focal planes of the HCGs and the background were helpful in defining the nature of the HCGs.
Conclusions
HCGs were frequently observed in cervicovaginal LBC and were mostly non-neoplastic; however, neoplastic HCGs were mostly high-grade lesions. Being aware of the cytomorphological features of different HCGs is important in order to avoid potential false-negative cytology interpretation.

Citations

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Can Mitotic Figures in Hyperchromatic Crowded Groups be Cytodiagnostic Criteria for High-Grade Squamous Intra-epithelial Lesions?
Hisae Suzuki, Yumeno Kondo, Chihiro Oda, Takeshi Nishikawa, Mao Takeuchi, Shigenobu Tatsumi, Sho Hosokawa, Satoshi Irino, Tomoko Uchiyama, Tomomi Fujii, Yoshiaki Norimatsu
Journal of Cytology.2024; 41(2): 116. CrossRef
Atypical glandular cells (AGC): Cytology of glandular lesions of the uterine cervix
Mir Yousufuddin Ali Khan, Sudeshna Bandyopadhyay, Ahmed Alrajjal, Moumita Saha Roy Choudhury, Rouba Ali-Fehmi, Vinod B. Shidham
Cytojournal.2022; 19: 31. CrossRef
Cytopathologic features of human papillomavirus–independent, gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma
Min-Kyung Yeo, Go Eun Bae, Dong-Hyun Kim, In-Ock Seong, Kwang-Sun Suh
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2022; 56(5): 260. CrossRef
The association of atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude a high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, hyperchromatic crowded groups and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions involving endocervical glands
Suzanne M. Selvaggi
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2021; 49(9): 1008. CrossRef

Review

Primary Age-Related Tauopathy: An Elderly Brain Pathology Frequently Encountered during Autopsy: Daru Kim, Hyung-Seok Kim, Seong-Min Choi, Byeong C. Kim, Min-Cheol Lee, Kyung-Hwa Lee, Jae-Hyuk Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(3):159-163. Published online March 19, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.03.14

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Abstract PDF

Due to the progressive aging of Korean society and the introduction of brain banks to the Korean medical system, the possibility that pathologists will have access to healthy elderly brains has increased. The histopathological analysis of an elderly brain from a subject with relatively well-preserved cognition is quite different from that of a brain from a demented subject. Additionally, the histology of elderly brains differs from that of young brains. This brief review discusses primary age-related tauopathy; this term was coined to describe elderly brains with Alzheimer’s diseasetype neurofibrillary tangles mainly confined to medial temporal structures, and no β-amyloid pathology.

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Significance of a positive tau PET scan with a negative amyloid PET scan
Carling G. Robinson, Jeyeon Lee, Paul H. Min, Scott A. Przybelski, Keith A. Josephs, David T. Jones, Jonathan Graff‐Radford, Bradley F. Boeve, David S. Knopman, Clifford R. Jack, Ronald C. Petersen, Mary M. Machulda, Julie A. Fields, Val J. Lowe
Alzheimer's & Dementia.2024; 20(3): 1923. CrossRef
Hippocampal synaptic alterations associated with tau pathology in primary age-related tauopathy
Meaghan Morris, Gabrielle I Coste, Javier Redding-Ochoa, Haidan Guo, Austin R Graves, Juan C Troncoso, Richard L Huganir
Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology.2023; 82(10): 836. CrossRef
Abnormal tau in amyloid PET negative individuals
Bora Yoon, Tengfei Guo, Karine Provost, Deniz Korman, Tyler J. Ward, Susan M. Landau, William J Jagust
Neurobiology of Aging.2022; 109: 125. CrossRef
Intraneuronal sortilin aggregation relative to granulovacuolar degeneration, tau pathogenesis and sorfra plaque formation in human hippocampal formation
Juan Jiang, Chen Yang, Jia-Qi Ai, Qi-Lei Zhang, Xiao-Lu Cai, Tian Tu, Lily Wan, Xiao-Sheng Wang, Hui Wang, Aihua Pan, Jim Manavis, Wei-Ping Gai, Chong Che, Ewen Tu, Xiao-Ping Wang, Zhen-Yan Li, Xiao-Xin Yan
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
LATE: Nicht jede Demenz ist Alzheimer – Diskussion einer neuen Krankheitsentität am Fallbeispiel
Doreen Görß, Ingo Kilimann, Martin Dyrba, Sascha Nitsch, Bernd Krause, Stefan Teipel
Der Nervenarzt.2021; 92(1): 18. CrossRef
Alpha‐lipoic acid ameliorates tauopathy‐induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and behavioral deficits through the balance of DIAP1/DrICE ratio and redox homeostasis: Age is a determinant factor
Elahe Zarini-Gakiye, Nima Sanadgol, Kazem Parivar, Gholamhassan Vaezi
Metabolic Brain Disease.2021; 36(4): 669. CrossRef
Implications for microglial sex differences in tau-related neurodegenerative diseases
Yasmine V. Doust, Anna E. King, Jenna M. Ziebell
Neurobiology of Aging.2021; 105: 340. CrossRef
G protein‐coupled receptor kinases are associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology
Thais Rafael Guimarães, Eric Swanson, Julia Kofler, Amantha Thathiah
Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology.2021; 47(7): 942. CrossRef
Age and Dose-Dependent Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Human Microtubule- Associated Protein Tau-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Unfolded Protein Response: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease
Elahe Zarini-Gakiye, Gholamhassan Vaezi, Kazem Parivar, Nima Sanadgol
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets .2021; 20(5): 451. CrossRef
Primary age-related tauopathy in a Chinese cohort
Xin Wang, Lei Zhang, Hui Lu, Juan-li Wu, Hua-zheng Liang, Chong Liu, Qing-qing Tao, Zhi-ying Wu, Ke-qing Zhu
Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B.2020; 21(3): 256. CrossRef
Brain Aging, Cardiovascular Diseases, Mixed Dementia, and Frailty in the Oldest Old: From Brain Phenotype to Clinical Expression
Gianmarco Rosa, Chiara Giannotti, Lucia Martella, Federico Massa, Gianluca Serafini, Matteo Pardini, Flavio Mariano Nobili, Fiammetta Monacelli, Patricia Mecocci
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease.2020; 75(4): 1083. CrossRef
Extracellular Sortilin Proteopathy Relative to β-Amyloid and Tau in Aged and Alzheimer’s Disease Human Brains
Tian Tu, Juan Jiang, Qi-Lei Zhang, Lily Wan, Ya-Nan Li, Aihua Pan, Jim Manavis, Xiao-Xin Yan
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A “Stress Test” of the 2018 NIA AA Research Criteria for Alzheimer’s Disease 
Helmut Hildebrandt, Andreas Kastrup, Paul Eling
Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie.2020; 31(1): 26. CrossRef
Evaluation of a visual interpretation method for tau‐PET with 18 F‐flortaucipir
Ida Sonni, Orit H. Lesman Segev, Suzanne L. Baker, Leonardo Iaccarino, Deniz Korman, Gil D. Rabinovici, William J. Jagust, Susan M. Landau, Renaud La Joie
Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Contemporary approaches to clinical diagnosis and treatment of tau-protein accumulation related multisystem degenerations
E.E. Vasenina, O.S. Levin
Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova.2020; 120(10): 22. CrossRef
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Other Proteinopathies in Comorbidity
Eva Parobkova, Julie van der Zee, Lubina Dillen, Christine Van Broeckhoven, Robert Rusina, Radoslav Matej
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Early Dendritic Dystrophy in Human Brains With Primary Age-Related Tauopathy
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Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Intraosseous Hibernoma: A Rare and Unique Intraosseous Lesion: Boram Song, Hye Jin Ryu, Cheol Lee, Kyung Chul Moon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(5):499-504. Published online August 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.07.28

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Abstract PDF

Background
Hibernoma is a rare benign tumor of adults that is composed of multivacuolated adipocytes resembling brown fat cells. Hibernoma typically occurs in soft tissue, and intraosseous examples are very rare. Intraosseous hibernomas can radiologically mimic metastatic carcinoma and other tumorous conditions. Methods: To collect the intraosseous hibernomas, we searched the pathologic database and reviewed the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)–stained slides of bone biopsy samples performed to differentiate radiologically abnormal bone lesions from 2006 to 2016. A total of six intraosseous hibernoma cases were collected, and clinical and radiological information was verified from electronic medical records. H&E slide review and immunohistochemical staining for CD68, pan-cytokeratin, and S-100 protein were performed. Results: Magnetic resonance imaging of intraosseous hibernomas showed low signal intensity with slightly hyperintense foci on T1 and intermediate to high signal intensity on T2 weighted images. Intraosseous hibernomas appeared as heterogeneous sclerotic lesions with trabecular thickening on computed tomography scans and revealed mild hypermetabolism on positron emission tomography scans. Histopathologically, the bone marrow space was replaced by sheets of multivacuolated, foamy adipocytes resembling brown fat cells, without destruction of bone trabeculae. In immunohistochemical analysis, the tumor cells were negative for CD68 and pan-cytokeratin and positive for S-100 protein. Conclusions: Intraosseous hibernoma is very rare. This tumor can be overlooked due to its rarity and resemblance to bone marrow fat. Pathologists need to be aware of this entity to avoid misdiagnosis of this rare lesion.

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Benign incidental do-not-touch bone lesions
Nuttaya Pattamapaspong, Wilfred CG Peh
The British Journal of Radiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Intraosseous hibernoma: clinicopathologic and imaging analysis of 18 cases
Chiraag N Gangahar, Carina A Dehner, David P Wang, Behrang Amini, Travis Hillen, Christopher O'Conor, Sydney N Jennings, Kathleen Byrnes, Elizabeth A Montgomery, Bogdan A Czerniak, Julia A Bridge, Molly C Schroeder, Jack W Jennings, Wei‐Lien Wang, John S
Histopathology.2023; 83(1): 40. CrossRef
Intraosseous Hibernoma: A Rare Entity in Orthopedics With Peculiar Radiological Features
Ramy Samargandi, Louis-Romée Le Nail, Gonzague de Pinieux, Matthias Tallegas, Elodie Miquelestorena-Standley
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Intraosseous hibernoma of the appendicular skeleton
Salvatore Gitto, Thom Doeleman, Michiel A. J. van de Sande, Kirsten van Langevelde
Skeletal Radiology.2022; 51(6): 1325. CrossRef
Intraosseous hibernoma: Two case reports and a review of the literature
Samantha N. Weiss, Ankit Mohla, Gord Guo Zhu, Christina Gutowski, Tae Won B Kim, Rohan Amin
Radiology Case Reports.2022; 17(7): 2477. CrossRef
Hibernoma of two contiguous vertebrae: uniqueness of a lesion already rare in itself
Donato MASTRANTUONO, Domenico MARTORANO, Guido REGIS, Federica ARABIA, Alessandra LINARI, Federica SANTORO
Journal of Radiological Review.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Spinal Intraosseous Hibernoma: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Mi-Kyung Um, Eugene Lee, Joon Woo Lee, Kyu Sang Lee, Yusuhn Kang, Joong Mo Ahn, Heung Sik Kang
Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology.2020; 81(4): 965. CrossRef
Intraosseous hibernoma: A metastatic mimicker to consider on the differential
Allen Ko, Colin C. Rowell, James B. Vogler, Dmitri E. Samoilov
Radiology Case Reports.2020; 15(12): 2677. CrossRef
Co-expression of MDM2 and CDK4 in transformed human mesenchymal stem cells causes high-grade sarcoma with a dedifferentiated liposarcoma-like morphology
Yu Jin Kim, Mingi Kim, Hyung Kyu Park, Dan Bi Yu, Kyungsoo Jung, Kyoung Song, Yoon-La Choi
Laboratory Investigation.2019; 99(9): 1309. CrossRef
Intraosseous Hibernoma: Five Cases and a Review of the Literature
Francisco A. Myslicki, Andrew E. Rosenberg, Ivan Chaitowitz, Ty K. Subhawong
Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography.2019; 43(5): 793. CrossRef
Hibernoma Mimicking Atypical Lipomatous Tumor
Youssef Al Hmada, Inga-Marie Schaefer, Christopher D.M. Fletcher
American Journal of Surgical Pathology.2018; 42(7): 951. CrossRef

Implication of PHF2 Expression in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Cheol Lee, Bohyun Kim, Boram Song, Kyung Chul Moon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(4):359-364. Published online June 13, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.03.16

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Abstract PDF

Background
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is presumed to be associated with adipogenic differentiation. Histone modification is known to be important for adipogenesis, and the function of histone demethylase plant homeodomain finger 2 (PHF2) has been noted. In addition, PHF2 may act as a tumor suppressor via epigenetic regulation of p53 and is reported to be reduced in colon cancer and stomach cancer tissues. In this study, we examined PHF2 expression in CCRCC specimens by immunohistochemistry.
Methods
We studied 254 CCRCCs and 56 non-neoplastic renal tissues from patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy between 2000 and 2003 at the Seoul National University Hospital. Tissue microarray blocks were prepared, and immunohistochemical staining for PHF2 was performed.
Results
Among 254 CCRCC cases, 150 cases (59.1%) showed high expression and 104 cases (40.1%) showed low expression. High expression of PHF2 was significantly correlated with a low Fuhrman nuclear grade (p < .001), smaller tumor size (p < .001), low overall stage (p = .003), longer cancer-specific survival (p = .002), and progression-free survival (p < .001) of the patients. However, it was not an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis adjusted for Fuhrman nuclear grade and overall stage.
Conclusions
Our study showed that low expression of PHF2 is associated with aggressiveness and poor prognosis of CCRCC.

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The role of histone methylation in renal cell cancer: an update
Yanguang Hou, Yan Yuan, Yanze Li, Lei Wang, Juncheng Hu, Xiuheng Liu
Molecular Biology Reports.2023; 50(3): 2735. CrossRef
Phosphorylation of PHF2 by AMPK releases the repressive H3K9me2 and inhibits cancer metastasis
Ying Dong, Hao Hu, Xuan Zhang, Yunkai Zhang, Xin Sun, Hanlin Wang, Weijuan Kan, Min-jia Tan, Hong Shi, Yi Zang, Jia Li
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
HIF-1α-mediated augmentation of miRNA-18b-5p facilitates proliferation and metastasis in osteosarcoma through attenuation PHF2
Peng Luo, Yan-dong Zhang, Feng He, Chang-jun Tong, Kai Liu, He Liu, Shi-zhuang Zhu, Jian-zhou Luo, Bing Yuan
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Integration of meta-analysis and supervised machine learning for pattern recognition in breast cancer using epigenetic data
Reza Panahi, Esmaeil Ebrahimie, Ali Niazi, Alireza Afsharifar
Informatics in Medicine Unlocked.2021; 24: 100629. CrossRef
PHF2 regulates homology-directed DNA repair by controlling the resection of DNA double strand breaks
Ignacio Alonso-de Vega, Maria Cristina Paz-Cabrera, Magdalena B Rother, Wouter W Wiegant, Cintia Checa-Rodríguez, Juan Ramón Hernández-Fernaud, Pablo Huertas, Raimundo Freire, Haico van Attikum, Veronique A J Smits
Nucleic Acids Research.2020; 48(9): 4915. CrossRef
Emerging of lysine demethylases (KDMs): From pathophysiological insights to novel therapeutic opportunities
Sarder Arifuzzaman, Mst Reshma Khatun, Rabeya Khatun
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2020; 129: 110392. CrossRef
Biology and targeting of the Jumonji-domain histone demethylase family in childhood neoplasia: a preclinical overview
Tyler S. McCann, Lays M. Sobral, Chelsea Self, Joseph Hsieh, Marybeth Sechler, Paul Jedlicka
Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets.2019; 23(4): 267. CrossRef
MiR-221 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Migration via Targeting PHF2
Yi Fu, Mingyan Liu, Fengxia Li, Li Qian, Ping Zhang, Fengwei Lv, Wenting Cheng, Ruixing Hou
BioMed Research International.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef
PHF2 histone demethylase prevents DNA damage and genome instability by controlling cell cycle progression of neural progenitors
Stella Pappa, Natalia Padilla, Simona Iacobucci, Marta Vicioso, Elena Álvarez de la Campa, Claudia Navarro, Elia Marcos, Xavier de la Cruz, Marian A. Martínez-Balbás
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2019; 116(39): 19464. CrossRef
Plant homeodomain finger protein 2 as a novel IKAROS target in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Zheng Ge, Yan Gu, Qi Han, Justin Sloane, Qinyu Ge, Goufeng Gao, Jinlong Ma, Huihui Song, Jiaojiao Hu, Baoan Chen, Sinisa Dovat, Chunhua Song
Epigenomics.2018; 10(1): 59. CrossRef

An Experimental Infarct Targeting the Internal Capsule: Histopathological and Ultrastructural Changes: Chang-Woo Han, Kyung-Hwa Lee, Myung Giun Noh, Jin-Myung Kim, Hyung-Seok Kim, Hyung-Sun Kim, Ra Gyung Kim, Jongwook Cho, Hyoung-Ihl Kim, Min-Cheol Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(3):292-305. Published online May 10, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.02.17

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Abstract PDF

Background
Stroke involving the cerebral white matter (WM) has increased in prevalence, but most experimental studies have focused on ischemic injury of the gray matter. This study was performed to investigate the WM in a unique rat model of photothrombotic infarct targeting the posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC), focusing on the identification of the most vulnerable structure in WM by ischemic injury, subsequent glial reaction to the injury, and the fundamental histopathologic feature causing different neurologic outcomes.
Methods
Light microscopy with immunohistochemical stains and electron microscopic examinations of the lesion were performed between 3 hours and 21 days post-ischemic injury.
Results
Initial pathological change develops in myelinated axon, concomitantly with reactive change of astrocytes. The first pathology to present is nodular loosening to separate the myelin sheath with axonal wrinkling. Subsequent pathologies include rupture of the myelin sheath with extrusion of axonal organelles, progressive necrosis, oligodendrocyte degeneration and death, and reactive gliosis. Increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity is an early event in the ischemic lesion. WM pathologies result in motor dysfunction. Motor function recovery after the infarct was correlated to the extent of PLIC injury proper rather than the infarct volume.
Conclusions
Pathologic changes indicate that the cerebral WM, independent of cortical neurons, is highly vulnerable to the effects of focal ischemia, among which myelin sheath is first damaged. Early increase of GFAP immunoreactivity indicates that astrocyte response initially begins with myelinated axonal injury, and supports the biologic role related to WM injury or plasticity. The reaction of astrocytes in the experimental model might be important for the study of pathogenesis and treatment of the WM stroke.

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Animal models of focal ischemic stroke: brain size matters
Blazej Nowak, Piotr Rogujski, Raphael Guzman, Piotr Walczak, Anna Andrzejewska, Miroslaw Janowski
Frontiers in Stroke.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Motor Cortex Plasticity During Functional Recovery Following Brain Damage
Noriyuki Higo
Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics.2022; 34(4): 700. CrossRef
Neurodegeneration, Myelin Loss and Glial Response in the Three-Vessel Global Ischemia Model in Rat
Tatiana Anan’ina, Alena Kisel, Marina Kudabaeva, Galina Chernysheva, Vera Smolyakova, Konstantin Usov, Elena Krutenkova, Mark Plotnikov, Marina Khodanovich
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(17): 6246. CrossRef
Quantitative assessment of demyelination in ischemic stroke in vivo using macromolecular proton fraction mapping
Marina Y Khodanovich, Alena A Kisel, Andrey E Akulov, Dmitriy N Atochin, Marina S Kudabaeva, Valentina Y Glazacheva, Michael V Svetlik, Yana A Medvednikova, Lilia R Mustafina, Vasily L Yarnykh
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism.2018; 38(5): 919. CrossRef
Immunosignals of Oligodendrocyte Markers and Myelin-Associated Proteins Are Critically Affected after Experimental Stroke in Wild-Type and Alzheimer Modeling Mice of Different Ages
Dominik Michalski, Anna L. Keck, Jens Grosche, Henrik Martens, Wolfgang Härtig
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Administration of Downstream ApoE Attenuates the Adverse Effect of Brain ABCA1 Deficiency on Stroke
Xiaohui Wang, Rongwen Li, Alex Zacharek, Julie Landschoot-Ward, Fengjie Wang, Kuan-Han Wu, Michael Chopp, Jieli Chen, Xu Cui
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2018; 19(11): 3368. CrossRef

Transglutaminase 2 Expression and Its Prognostic Significance in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Min Jee Park, Hae Woon Baek, Ye-Young Rhee, Cheol Lee, Jeong Whan Park, Hwal Woong Kim, Kyung Chul Moon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(1):37-43. Published online January 15, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2014.10.25

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Abstract PDF

Background
A few recent studies have demonstrated a possible role of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in tumorigenesis or progression of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim of this study was to examine TG2 expression and its clinicopathologic significance in a large number of human clear cell RCCs (CCRCCs). Methods: We analyzed 638 CCRCC patients who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy between 1995 and 2005. The expression of TG2 was determined by immunohistochemistry and categorized into four groups, according to staining intensity: negative (0), mild (1+), moderate (2+), and strong (3+). Results: TG2 staining intensity was negative in 8.5% of CCRCC (n=54), 1+ in 32.6% (n=208), 2+ in 50.5% (n=322), and 3+ in 8.5% (n=54). Strong TG2 expression was correlated with high Fuhrman nuclear grade (p=.011), high T category (p=.049), metastasis (p=.043) and male sex (p<.001) but not with N category.The survival analysis showed a significant association between strong TG2 expression and worse overall and cancer-specific survival (p=.027 and p=.010, respectively). On multivariate analysis, strong TG2 expression was a marginally significant prognostic indicator for Fuhrman nuclear grade and TNM staging (p=.054). Conclusions: Our study is the first to demonstrate the clinicopathologic significance of TG2 expression in a large number of human CCRCC samples. Strong TG2 expression was associated with high nuclear grade and poor prognosis.

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Ga-Ram Kim, Joon Hee Kang, Hyeon Joo Kim, Eunji Im, Jinsu Bae, Woo Sun Kwon, Sun Young Rha, Hyun Cheol Chung, Eun Yi Cho, Soo-Youl Kim, Yong-Chul Kim
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ALK-Positive Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Large Series of Consecutively Resected Korean Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients: Cheol Lee, Jeong Whan Park, Ja Hee Suh, Kyung Han Nam, Kyung Chul Moon; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(5):452-457. Published online October 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.5.452

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Abstract PDF

Background

Recently, there have been a few reports of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene fusion. In this study, we screened consecutively resected RCCs from a single institution for ALK protein expression by immunohistochemistry, and then we performed fluorescence in situ hybridization to confirm the ALK gene alteration in ALK immunohistochemistry-positive cases.

Methods

We screened 829 RCCs by ALK immunohistochemistry, and performed fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis using ALK dual-color break-apart rearrangement probe. Histological review and additional immunohistochemistry analyses were done in positive cases.

Results

One ALK-positive case was found. Initial diagnosis of this case was papillary RCC type 2. This comprises 0.12% of all RCCs (1/829) and 1.9% of papillary RCCs (1/53). This patient was a 44-year-old male with RCC found during routine health check-up. He was alive without evidence of disease 12 years after surgery. The tumor showed a papillary and tubular pattern, and showed positivity for CD10 (focal), epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin 7, pan-cytokeratin, PAX-2, and vimentin.

Conclusions

We found the first RCC case with ALK gene rearrangement in Korean patients by ALK immunohistochemistry among 829 RCCs. This case showed similar histological and immunohistochemical features to those of previous adult cases with ALK rearrangement, and showed relatively good prognosis.

Citations

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Histologic Variations and Immunohistochemical Features of Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Cheol Lee, Jeong-Whan Park, Ja Hee Suh, Kyung Han Nam, Kyung Chul Moon; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(5):426-432. Published online October 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.5.426

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Abstract PDF

Background

Due to advancements in treatment of metastatic and advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), it has become increasingly important to diagnose metastatic RCC and the specific subtype. In this study, we investigated the diverse histologic features of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) cases in comparison with corresponding primary lesions.

Methods

We identified 119 metastatic CCRCC cases from 81 corresponding primary lesions diagnosed between 1995 and 2010 and evaluated the diverse histologic and immunohistochemical features of these lesions.

Results

A total of 44 primary lesions (54.3%) had a non-clear cell component in addition to a typical clear cell component. Of the 119 metastatic lesions, 63 lesions (52.9%) contained a non-clear cell component, and 29 metastatic lesions were composed of a non-clear cell component only. Rhabdoid features were the most frequent non-clear cell histology among the metastatic lesions. Metastatic CCRCCs mainly showed positive CD10 and epithelial membrane antigen staining and negative cytokeratin 7 staining.

Conclusions

Metastatic CCRCC commonly showed a variety of histologic features. If there is a difficulty to diagnose metastatic CCRCC due to a variety of histologic features or small biopsy specimen, histologic review of the primary lesion and immunohistochemical analysis can help determine the correct diagnosis.

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Letter to the Editor

Perineural Involvement in Benign Mixed Tumor: Se Jin Jung, Jong Cheol Lee, Hye Jeong Choi, Hee Jeong Cha, Young Min Kim, Young Wha Koh, Jae Hee Suh; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(5):403-404. Published online October 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.5.403

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Original Articles

Clear Cell Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Report of 15 Cases Including Three Cases of Concurrent Other-Type Renal Cell Carcinomas: Jeong Hwan Park, Cheol Lee, Ja Hee Suh, Kyung Chul Moon; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(6):541-547. Published online December 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.6.541

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Abstract PDF

Background

Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma (CCPRCC) is a recently established subtype of renal epithelial tumor. The aim of this study was to identify the diagnostic criteria of CCPRCC with an emphasis on immunohistochemical studies, and to report three cases with concurrent other-type renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Methods

A total of 515 RCC patients that consecutively underwent surgical resection at Seoul National University Hospital from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2011 were screened. Each case was reviewed based on the histologic features and was evaluated immunohistochemically.

Results

A total of 15 CCPRCCs were identified, which composed 2.9% of the total RCCs. The mean age was 52 years, and the average tumor size was 1.65 cm. All 15 cases showed low nuclear grade, no lymph node metastasis and no distant metastasis. The CCPRCCs showed variable architectural patterns including cystic, trabecular, papillary, and acinar. All of the cases showed moderate to intense immunoreactivity for cytokeratin 7 (CK7). CD10 was negative or showed focal weak positivity. Three cases had concurrent other-type RCC, including a clear cell RCC and an acquired cystic disease-associated RCC.

Conclusions

The strong CK7 and negative or focal weak CD10 expression will be useful for the diagnosis of CCPRCC.

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Targeted next‐generation sequencing and non‐coding RNA expression analysis of clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma suggests distinct pathological mechanisms from other renal tumour subtypes
Charles H Lawrie, Erika Larrea, Gorka Larrinaga, Ibai Goicoechea, María Arestin, Marta Fernandez‐Mercado, Ondrej Hes, Francisco Cáceres, Lorea Manterola, José I López
The Journal of Pathology.2014; 232(1): 32. CrossRef
Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma is the fourth most common histologic type of renal cell carcinoma in 290 consecutive nephrectomies for renal cell carcinoma
Haijun Zhou, Shaojiang Zheng, Luan D. Truong, Jae Y. Ro, Alberto G. Ayala, Steven S. Shen
Human Pathology.2014; 45(1): 59. CrossRef
Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma: Incidence, morphological features, immunohistochemical profile, and biologic behavior: A single institution study
Borislav A. Alexiev, Cinthia B. Drachenberg
Pathology - Research and Practice.2014; 210(4): 234. CrossRef
MRI Phenotype in Renal Cancer
Naomi Campbell, Andrew B. Rosenkrantz, Ivan Pedrosa
Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging.2014; 23(2): 95. CrossRef

ERG Immunohistochemistry and Clinicopathologic Characteristics in Korean Prostate Adenocarcinoma Patients: Ja Hee Suh, Jeong-Whan Park, Cheol Lee, Kyung Chul Moon; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(5):423-428. Published online October 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.5.423

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Abstract PDF

Background

Transmembrane protease serine 2-ETS related gene (TMPRSS2-ERG) gene fusion, the most common genetic alternation in prostate cancer, is associated with protein expression of the oncogene ERG. Recently, an immunohistochemical staining method using an anti-ERG antibody was shown to have a strong correlation with altered ERG protein expression.

Methods

We analyzed a total of 303 radical prostatectomy specimens (obtained from Korean prostate cancer cases) using a constructed tissue microarray and ERG immunohistochemical staining. Thereafter, we evaluated the association between ERG expression and clinicopathological factors.

Results

The ERG-positive rate was 24.4% (74/303) and significantly higher ERG expression was observed in the subgroup with a lower Gleason score (p=0.004). Analysis of the histologic pattern of prostate adenocarcinomas revealed that tumors with discrete glandular units (Gleason pattern 3) displayed higher frequency of ERG expression (p=0.016). The ERG-positive rate was lower than that found (approximately 50%) in studies involving western populations. Other factors including age, tumor volume, initial protein-specific antigen level, a pathological stage and margin status were not significantly related with the ERG expression.

Conclusions

ERG immunohistochemical staining is significantly higher in tumors with well-formed glands and is associated with a lower Gleason score.

Citations

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Priscilla Mariana Freitas Aguiar Feitosa, Carlos Gustavo Hirth, Isabelle Joyce De Lima Silva‐Fernandes, Conceição Aparecida Dornelas
APMIS.2023; 131(9): 465. CrossRef
Application and Pitfalls of Immunohistochemistry in Diagnosis of Challenging Genitourinary Cases
Jenny Ross, Guangyuan Li, Ximing J. Yang
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.2020; 144(3): 290. CrossRef
ERG expression in prostate cancer: diagnostic significance and histopathological correlations
ManarA Abdel-Rahman, HanyO Habashy
Egyptian Journal of Pathology.2020; 40(2): 212. CrossRef
The expression profile and heterogeneity analysis of ERG in 633 consecutive prostate cancers from a single center
Ling Nie, Xiuyi Pan, Mengni Zhang, Xiaoxue Yin, Jing Gong, Xueqin Chen, Miao Xu, Qiao Zhou, Ni Chen
The Prostate.2019; 79(8): 819. CrossRef
MiR-1271 Inhibits Cell Growth in Prostate Cancer by Targeting ERG
Miao Wang, Wei Gao, Dehong Lu, Lianghong Teng
Pathology & Oncology Research.2018; 24(2): 385. CrossRef
Ethnicity and ERG frequency in prostate cancer
Jason Sedarsky, Michael Degon, Shiv Srivastava, Albert Dobi
Nature Reviews Urology.2018; 15(2): 125. CrossRef
The Role of Immunohistochemical Analysis as a Tool for the Diagnosis, Prognostic Evaluation and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Arie Carneiro, Álan Roger Gomes Barbosa, Lucas Seiti Takemura, Paulo Priante Kayano, Natasha Kouvaleski Saviano Moran, Carolina Ko Chen, Marcelo Langer Wroclawski, Gustavo Caserta Lemos, Isabela Werneck da Cunha, Marcos Takeo Obara, Marcos Tobias-Machado,
Frontiers in Oncology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Prognostic implications of ERG, PTEN, and fatty acid synthase expression in localized prostate cancer
Anan Fathi, Naglaa A. Mostafa, Nabila Hefzi, Khaled A. Mansour
Egyptian Journal of Pathology.2018; 38(1): 162. CrossRef
Intrafocal heterogeneity of ERG protein expression and gene fusion pattern in prostate cancer
Ja Hee Suh, Jeong Hwan Park, Cheol Lee, Kyung Chul Moon
The Prostate.2017; 77(14): 1438. CrossRef
Diverse Immunoprofile of Ductal Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate with an Emphasis on the Prognostic Factors
Se Un Jeong, Anuja Kashikar Kekatpure, Ja-Min Park, Minkyu Han, Hee Sang Hwang, Hui Jeong Jeong, Heounjeong Go, Yong Mee Cho
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2017; 51(5): 471. CrossRef
Correlation of ERG immunohistochemistry with molecular detection of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion
Ji-Youn Sung, Hwang Gyun Jeon, Byong Chang Jeong, Seong Il Seo, Seong Soo Jeon, Hyun Moo Lee, Han Yong Choi, So Young Kang, Yoon-La Choi, Ghee Young Kwon
Journal of Clinical Pathology.2016; 69(7): 586. CrossRef
Prostate Cancer Prognosis Defined by the Combined Analysis of 8q, PTEN and ERG
Maria P. Silva, João D. Barros-Silva, Elin Ersvær, Wanja Kildal, Tarjei Sveinsgjerd Hveem, Manohar Pradhan, Joana Vieira, Manuel R. Teixeira, Håvard E. Danielsen
Translational Oncology.2016; 9(6): 575. CrossRef
Overexpression of ERG and Wild-Type PTEN Are Associated with Favorable Clinical Prognosis and Low Biochemical Recurrence in Prostate Cancer
Sung Han Kim, Soo Hee Kim, Jae Young Joung, Geon Kook Lee, Eun Kyung Hong, Kyung Min Kang, Ami Yu, Byung Ho Nam, Jinsoo Chung, Ho Kyung Seo, Weon Seo Park, Kang Hyun Lee, Rui Medeiros
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(4): e0122498. CrossRef
ERG oncoprotein expression in prostate carcinoma patients of different ethnicities
GREGORY M. KELLY, YINK HEAY KONG, ALBERT DOBI, SHIV SRIVASTAVA, ISABELL A. SESTERHENN, RAJADURAI PATHMANATHAN, HUI MENG TAN, SHYH-HAN TAN, SOK CHING CHEONG
Molecular and Clinical Oncology.2015; 3(1): 23. CrossRef
ERG positive prostatic cancer may show a more angiogenetic phenotype
Aleksandra Strzępek, Karolina Kaczmarczyk, Magdalena Białas, Joanna Szpor, Grzegorz Dyduch, Tomasz Szopiński, Piotr Chłosta, Krzysztof Okoń
Pathology - Research and Practice.2014; 210(12): 897. CrossRef
Recurrent Gene Fusions in Prostate Cancer: Their Clinical Implications and Uses
Daphne Hessels, Jack A. Schalken
Current Urology Reports.2013; 14(3): 214. CrossRef
ETV1 directs androgen metabolism and confers aggressive prostate cancer in targeted mice and patients
Esther Baena, Zhen Shao, Douglas E. Linn, Kimberly Glass, Melanie J. Hamblen, Yuko Fujiwara, Jonghwan Kim, Minh Nguyen, Xin Zhang, Frank J. Godinho, Roderick T. Bronson, Lorelei A. Mucci, Massimo Loda, Guo-Cheng Yuan, Stuart H. Orkin, Zhe Li
Genes & Development.2013; 27(6): 683. CrossRef

Analysis of HPV-other Samples by Performing HPV DNA Sequencing.: Yoo Duk Choi, Chang Woo Han, Woon Jae Chung, Woon Won Jung, Ji Shin Lee, Jong Hee Nam, Min Cheol Lee, Sang Woo Juhng, Ho Sun Choi, Chang Soo Park; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(3):250-253.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.3.250

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30 Download
7 Crossref

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
HPV-other samples are designated as being positive on HPV-PCR, but negative when using specific HPV hybridization probes. We wanted to determine the types on the HPV-other samples by performing sequencing, and to know the pathologic status of the uterine cervix according to the HPV type detected on sequencing.
METHODS
For HPV genotying, we used the commercially available HPV DNA Chip test, which contains 15 types of high-risk HPV and 9 types of low-risk HPV. The HPV DNA sequencing was performed for the HPV-other samples of 209 patients who subsequently underwent cervical biopsy.
RESULTS
For 204 of the 209 samples, the HPV types detected by sequencing were absent types at used HPV DNA chip. For the remaining 5 samples, sequencing was impossible due to mixed peaks. HPV-81 (19.6%), HPV-61 (18.6%), HPV-62 (16.7%) and HPV-84 (13.9%) were frequently detected. For the HPV-81, -62, -71, and -72 samples, most of the samples displayed normal or LSIL. However, HPV-84 and -61 were more associated with HSIL or worse, as compared to the other types.
Conclusion
HPV-81, -61, -62 and -84 were frequently found on sequencing analysis of the HPV-other samples. The pathologic status was diverse, according to the HPV type detected on sequencing.

Citations

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Changes in microbial composition and interaction patterns of female urogenital tract and rectum in response to HPV infection
Yong-Hong Dong, Yu-Hua Luo, Chen-Jian Liu, Wen-Yu Huang, Lin Feng, Xing-Yuan Zou, Jin-Yan Zhou, Xiao-Ran Li
Journal of Translational Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Cervical Dysplasia, Infection, and Phylogeny of Human Papillomavirus in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Women at a Reproductive Health Clinic in Nairobi, Kenya
Agnes Omire, Nancy L. M. Budambula, Leah Kirumbi, Hillary Langat, Danvas Kerosi, Washingtone Ochieng, Raphael Lwembe
BioMed Research International.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Molecular characterisation of genital human papillomavirus among women in Southwestern, Nigeria
Yewande T. Nejo, David O. Olaleye, Georgina N. Odaibo, Jason Blackard
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(11): e0224748. CrossRef
Sequencing analysis of HPV-other type on an HPV DNA chip
Min-Jeong Kim, Jin Ju Kim, Sunmie Kim
Obstetrics & Gynecology Science.2018; 61(2): 235. CrossRef
Molecular epidemiology and genotype distribution of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) among Arab women in the state of Qatar
Devendra Bansal, Asha A Elmi, Sini Skariah, Pascale Haddad, Laith J Abu-Raddad, Aysha H Al Hamadi, Nady Mohamed-Nady, Nahla M Affifi, Randa Ghedira, Elham Hassen, Asma AJ Al-Thani, Afaf AHM Al-Ansari, Ali A Sultan
Journal of Translational Medicine.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
HPV Prevalence and Detection of Rare HPV Genotypes in Hong Kong Women from Southern China with Cytological Abnormalities
Ngai Na Chloe Co, Lai-On Chu, Joseph K. F. Chow, Joseph W. O. Tam, Enders K. O. Ng
ISRN Virology.2013; 2013: 1. CrossRef
Type-specific prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus by cervical cytology and age: Data from the health check-ups of 7,014 Korean women
Min-Jeong Kim, Jin Ju Kim, Sunmie Kim
Obstetrics & Gynecology Science.2013; 56(2): 110. CrossRef

The Diagnostic Accuracy of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and the Diagnostic Usefulness of Galectin-3 Immunostaining for the Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.: Chan Choi, Min Cheol Lee, Kyu Hyuk Cho; Korean J Cytopathol. 2008;19(2):160-163.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3338/kjc.2008.19.2.160

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Abstract PDF: The cytologic diagnosis of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) has become one of the common causes of false negative diagnoses when performing fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the thyroid gland. We retrospectively reviewed all the aspirates for which a diagnosis of FVPTC had been made based on the surgically excised specimens, regardless of the cytologic diagnosis. 145 FNACs was performed in 135 patients. The cytologic diagnoses were categorized as 2 unsatisfactory specimens (1.4%), 16 benign (11.0%), 49 atypical (33.8%) and 78 malignant lesions (53.8%). The tumor cells consistently showed significant nuclear overlapping, irregular nuclei and fine chromatin in all cases; however, nuclear grooves and inclusions were scarce. Galectin-3 immunostaining was performed on the cell blocks of 65 cases and this was positive for 45 cases (69.2%). The results of our study demonstrate that the determination of minimal cytologic criteria is needed to raise the sensitivity of detecting FVPTC by FNAC, and galectin-3 immunostaining is useful to make decisions on the surgical treatment of cytologically atypical thyroid nodules.

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